Differential Effects of Potassium Chloride on Vascular Tissues, Morphological Traits and Germination of Tomato with Sperm Swarm-based Nutrient Optimization

Potassium chloride (KCl)-induced stress has been predominantly tested on higher crops such as cotton, rice, and wheat. What open agriculture needs now is the extended understanding of possible contributions detrimental effects KCl dynamics to tomato this one major consumed worldwide. In study, impacts three Philippine (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes namely, Perlas, Diamante Max F1, Mica, in separate mesocosms were visualized measured based morphological, vascular tissues, germination variability responses. Three treatments deployed, which are control (Tc, 0.05 mM), deficit (Td, 0.025 excess (Te, 0.5 3 replicates. KCl-deficit treatment showed improvement rate vigor index deteriorated Timson for seedlings. Excess distinctively promotes a root (R) shoot (S) length ratio Perlas variant with rusty red-orange color. R/S increases from control, fresh dry weights quadratically increase KCl. The inconsistency Td Te provide equally productive outcomes across first 37 days after sowing led use bio-inspired algorithms moth-flame, sperm-swarm, jellyfish swarm optimizers, determining most suitable concentration growth promotion. Multigene symbolic genetic programming was used constructing fitness models five phytomorphological phenotypes lengths leaf count, functions cultivation period. Light microscopy that sperm swarm-optimized (0.038 μM) widens diameter xylem phloem vessels vegetative stage important they responsible transporting nutrients, water, photosynthesis by-products. Hence, an essential micronutrient could alter crops. HIGHLIGHTS seedlings orange color generated period Sperm (up DAS 37) KCl; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT